[Chores] Update node supported version to 24

[mgermerie]

Description

Update supported node version to 24 (and npm to 10). This includes the following changes:

• The peer tag is added to some dependencies. This change was introduced in npm version 11.6.1: fix: corrects peer dependency flag propagation npm/cli#8579
• Remove react-dom package, as it is an optional peer dependency. Read the changes in fix: prune optional peer dependencies that are no longer explicitly depended on npm/cli#8431
• Update CI/CD:
  • Update the node version and the actions used.
  • When calling unit tests in several workspace from node 21.18 and onward, the workspace is no longer found by searching the name key in every directory's package.json file. The entry must match exactly what is specified in root package.json workspace property.
• Node provides an experimental type stripping functionality. Since version 21.18, this functionality is enabled by default. As we do our own type stripping through babel for unit tests, we need to disable Node's type stripping. Read node 22.18 breaks npm package because of experimental-strip-types enabled nodejs/node#59364.

Motivation and Context

Version 22 was recently marked as being in maintenance mode, as can be read here. Version 24 is now the active LTS. We were also stuck on version 22.17, since version 22.18 added breaking changes to Node API.