[Clarity-4] Implement contract post-conditions

[obycode]

Implements contract post-conditions as described in #6396 and SIP PR stacksgov/sips#218.

[obycode]

In implementing this, I'm wondering if it might be better to make a small change to the with-nft allowance. Currently, it is:

(with-nft contract-id:principal token-name:(string-ascii 128 identifier:T)

I'm wondering if it makes more sense to change that to allow a list of identifiers:

(with-nft contract-id:principal token-name:(string-ascii 128 identifier:(list T 128))

This would allow the list to be built within the code and then passed to a single allowance expression for each NFT.

[obycode]

Remaining work is to handle the with-stacking allowances, but the rest of this can be reviewed now.

[obycode]

@hstove TODOs resolved, additional tests added, and merge conflicts resolved.

[hstove]

LGTM!

[kantai]

This looks good to me, just have a few comments

[brice-stacks]

The consensus tests fail because this branch adds new functions into costs-4.clar, so it should be consensus-breaking. I validated that if I removed those new functions, the chainstate matched.

[kantai]

LGTM!

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 96.59349% with 135 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 80.08%. Comparing base (4c652ad) to head (a74c5f8).
⚠️ Report is 39 commits behind head on develop.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
stacks-node/src/tests/nakamoto_integrations.rs	97.23%	56 Missing ⚠️
clarity/src/vm/functions/post_conditions.rs	86.56%	43 Missing ⚠️
...lysis/type_checker/v2_1/natives/post_conditions.rs	93.05%	15 Missing ⚠️
clarity/src/vm/contexts.rs	88.88%	5 Missing ⚠️
pox-locking/src/pox_4.rs	77.77%	4 Missing ⚠️
clarity-types/src/errors/analysis.rs	62.50%	3 Missing ⚠️
stackslib/src/clarity_vm/tests/costs.rs	90.32%	3 Missing ⚠️
clarity-types/src/types/mod.rs	71.42%	2 Missing ⚠️
stackslib/src/clarity_vm/tests/analysis_costs.rs	85.71%	2 Missing ⚠️
...y/src/vm/analysis/type_checker/v2_1/natives/mod.rs	80.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
... and 1 more

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           develop    #6516      +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage    80.03%   80.08%   +0.04%     
===========================================
  Files          568      571       +3     
  Lines       347679   351593    +3914     
===========================================
+ Hits        278280   281574    +3294     
- Misses       69399    70019     +620     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
clarity-types/src/errors/mod.rs	75.30% <ø> (ø)
clarity-types/src/types/signatures.rs	92.66% <ø> (ø)
clarity/src/vm/analysis/arithmetic_checker/mod.rs	92.48% <100.00%> (ø)
clarity/src/vm/analysis/read_only_checker/mod.rs	88.67% <100.00%> (+1.11%)	⬆️
.../src/vm/analysis/type_checker/v2_05/natives/mod.rs	89.47% <ø> (ø)
clarity/src/vm/analysis/type_checker/v2_1/mod.rs	90.34% <ø> (ø)
...c/vm/analysis/type_checker/v2_1/tests/contracts.rs	95.74% <100.00%> (ø)
...ity/src/vm/analysis/type_checker/v2_1/tests/mod.rs	99.84% <ø> (ø)
clarity/src/vm/costs/cost_functions.rs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
clarity/src/vm/costs/costs_1.rs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 21 more

... and 52 files with indirect coverage changes

---

Continue to review full report in Codecov by Sentry.

Legend - Click here to learn more
Δ = absolute <relative> (impact), ø = not affected, ? = missing data
Powered by Codecov. Last update 4c652ad...a74c5f8. Read the comment docs.

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.