EIP-3855: Add PUSH0 OpCode #4963
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EIP-3855 introduces a new Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) instruction called
PUSH0that pushes the value zero onto the stack. Before this improvement, pushing zero required usingPUSH1 0, which takes 2 bytes of bytecode and costs 3 gas at runtime. The newPUSH0opcode (represented by0x5f) accomplishes the same task using only 1 byte and costs just 2 gas, making smart contracts more efficient and cheaper to deploy and execute.The motivation for this change comes from how frequently zero values are used in smart contracts. Many EVM operations need zero as an input parameter—for example, when making contract calls where you want to specify zero offsets or when using return data functions. Previously, every time a contract needed to push zero onto the stack, it had to use the more expensive
PUSH1 0instruction. WithPUSH0, developers can write more gas-efficient code, and the smaller bytecode size also reduces deployment costs.This PR implements EIP-3855 and can be activated at a specific epoch through the
EIP3855Epochconfiguration parameter. When enabled, the EVM interpreter includes thePUSH0opcode in its jump table, allowing smart contracts to use this more efficient instruction. This is part of Harmony's ongoing effort to align with Ethereum improvements while maintaining its own epoch-based upgrade mechanism.