Node v23

[milindl]

1. Update to std=c++20 for node 23. gcc update in semaphore agents for this also.
2. Updated NAN version.
3. v8::CopyablePersistentTraits is no longer usable in node 23 because v8 has removed it. https://chromium.googlesource.com/v8/v8/+/c51a81e705d2e407052c6c281214d9d7e209cbab.
   Using Nan::CopyablePersistentTraits causes substitution errors for node 18. However, we can just use Nan::Callback as it wraps the function for us properly.
4. Semaphore yml now uses job matrix reducing complexity of file by a lot.

Green run (for this green run I changed package.json version to 0.5.0-rc0-dev. I reverted this change before making this PR): https://semaphore.ci.confluent.io/workflows/2bd1ca0f-0d97-4b64-9d56-609ad652c240?pipeline_id=15879558-975b-4759-a151-8ea706f6d9c5

I ran tests manually to confirm.

[confluent-cla-assistant]

🎉 All Contributor License Agreements have been signed. Ready to merge.
_{Please push an empty commit if you would like to re-run the checks to verify CLA status for all contributors.}

[emasab]

Can we upgrade Ubuntu to 22.04 instead, it should have GCC 11

[milindl]

Run with successful builds for every OS platform combination: https://semaphore.ci.confluent.io/workflows/07c183ce-cbd5-4a2f-95e6-5fc1bceef206?pipeline_id=58bce03e-17cf-416f-9b82-502b347fd988

[emasab]

LGTM!