docs: Improve comments and examples in palindrome.c

[ITZ-NIHALPATEL]

Description of Change

References

Checklist

• Added description of change
• Added file name matches File name guidelines
• Added tests and example, test must pass
• Relevant documentation/comments is changed or added
• PR title follows semantic commit guidelines
  This pull request improves the documentation and code clarity of the palindrome number checker in math/palindrome.c. The changes focus on enhancing code comments, providing detailed explanations and examples, and clarifying the implementation for easier understanding.

Documentation improvements:

• Expanded the file-level comment to include a detailed description of palindrome numbers, step-by-step examples, and a link to further reading.
• Added explanatory comments throughout the code, including in the main function and within the isPalindrome logic, to clarify each step and the purpose of assertions.

Code clarity and readability:

• Improved parameter and return value documentation for the isPalindrome function, making its usage and output more explicit.
• Updated header includes to use more descriptive comments about their purpose.
• Added a note in the code about the limitation regarding negative numbers, making edge case handling clearer for future maintainers.[Copilot is generating a summary...]

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Notes: