Add TryFromBytes trait

`TryFromBytes` can be implemented for types which are not `FromZeroes`
or `FromBytes`; it supports performing a runtime check to determine
whether a given byte sequence contains a valid instance of `Self`.

This is the first step of #5. Future commits will add support for a
custom derive and for implementing `TryFromBytes` on unsized types.

Makes progress on #5

Author: joshlf