Regression with --pkgimages=no causing `llvmcall` to get interpreted

[maleadt]

CpuId.jl started failing with the following message:

ReturnTypes: Error During Test at /home/maleadt/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/test/runtests.jl:4
  Got exception outside of a @test
  `llvmcall` requires the compiler
  Stacktrace:
    [1] cpuid_llvm(leaf::UInt32, subleaf::UInt32)
      @ CpuId.CpuInstructions ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuInstructions.jl:57
    [2] cpuid
      @ ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuInstructions.jl:41 [inlined]
    [3] cpuid
      @ ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuInstructions.jl:40 [inlined]
    [4] hasleaf
      @ ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuId.jl:54 [inlined]
    [5] cachesize()
      @ CpuId ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuId.jl:731
    [6] cpuinfo()
      @ CpuId ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuId.jl:1036
    [7] top-level scope
      @ ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/test/runtests.jl:6
    [8] macro expansion
      @ /tmp/jl_b5f1bF/share/julia/stdlib/v1.12/Test/src/Test.jl:1771 [inlined]
    [9] macro expansion
      @ ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/test/runtests.jl:9 [inlined]
   [10] include(mapexpr::Function, mod::Module, _path::String)
      @ Base ./Base.jl:308
   [11] top-level scope
      @ none:6
   [12] eval(m::Module, e::Any)
      @ Core ./boot.jl:486
   [13] exec_options(opts::Base.JLOptions)
      @ Base ./client.jl:295
   [14] _start()
      @ Base ./client.jl:557

This reproduces on master and the 1.12-alpha backports branch when running with --pkgimages=no (via Pkg.test("CpuId"; julia_args=`--pkgimages=no`)). That's relevant, because it is how PkgEval.jl executes tests, so right now a lot of packages don't get appropriate testing because of this issue.

Bisected to #57213; cc @Keno.

[Keno]

This issue appears to be related to the worldbounds on the CodeInstances loaded form CpuId. There appear to be multiple issues:

1. Something appears to be inserting an :invoke to a CodeInstance that is not compatible with the world bounds of the specialization being invoked.
2. The world bounds on the specialization of cpuid_llvm are a bit screwy and not exactly what I would expect.

I'll need to take a deeper look tomorrow. The second issue is possibly the same as #57329.

[Keno]

For my own reference, this is what I'm seeing:

julia> convert(Core.Binding, GlobalRef(CpuId.CpuInstructions, :llvmcall))
Binding CpuId.CpuInstructions.llvmcall
   37997:∞ - explicit `using` from Base.llvmcall
   1:0 - undefined binding - guard entry

julia> m = @which CpuId.CpuInstructions.cpuid_llvm(UInt32(0), UInt32(0))
cpuid_llvm(leaf::UInt32, subleaf::UInt32)
     @ CpuId.CpuInstructions ~/.julia/packages/CpuId/n7zKC/src/CpuInstructions.jl:57

julia> Int(m.specializations.cache.max_world)
38007

julia> Int(m.specializations.cache.min_world)
1

And then this specialization is managing to get itself invoke'd from a freshly inferred CpuId.cachesize():

julia> Int((@code_typed CpuId.cachesize())[1].code[120].args[1].max_world)
38007

julia> Int(Base.tls_world_age())
38010

Despite that specialization not being compatible with the world bounds:

julia> Int((@code_typed CpuId.cachesize())[1].min_world)
38007

julia> Int((@code_typed CpuId.cachesize())[1].max_world)
38010

[maleadt]

Here's a more compact reproducer:

CpuId.jl

module CpuId

using Base: llvmcall        # this import matters
@noinline cpuid_llvm() =
    llvmcall("""
        %1  = insertvalue [4 x i32] undef, i32 undef, 0
        ret [4 x i32] %1
    """, NTuple{4,UInt32}, Tuple{})

# global call into llvmcall
struct CpuFeature
    leaf::UInt32
    subleaf::UInt32
end
const TSC = CpuFeature(0x0000, 0x00)
cpuid(leaf, subleaf) = cpuid_llvm()
cpuid(TSC.leaf, TSC.subleaf)

# runtime call into llvmcall
function __cachesize_level(leaf, sl)
    eax, ebxecxedx = cpuid(leaf, sl)
    eax == 0 && return 0
    __cachesize_level(leaf, one(UInt32))
end
function cachesize()
    amd_leaf = 0x8000_001d
    __cachesize_level(amd_leaf,zero)
end

end

❯ JULIA_LOAD_PATH=/tmp jl +nightly -e 'using CpuId; CpuId.cachesize()'

❯ JULIA_LOAD_PATH=/tmp jl +nightly --pkgimages=no -e 'using CpuId; CpuId.cachesize()'
ERROR: `llvmcall` requires the compiler