ci: Adjust Docker image to Debian 12 "bookworm"

Summary:
```
Changes in packages are significant, for instance:

    gcc 10.2. --> 12.2
    clang 11.0 --> 14.0
    wine 5.0 --> 8.0

which requires certain adjustments provided in this PR.
```

Partial backport of [[bitcoin-core/secp256k1#1356 | secp256k1#1356]].
The first commit is missing due to a missing dependency, and part of the last one because we don't have windows support yet.

Depends on D18158.

This unbreaks the secp256k1 CI on master.

Test Plan: See CI (the issue occurs after the CI migration to bookworm) here: https://cirrus-ci.com/build/6479968802177024

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D18159

Author: hebasto

ci/build_autotools.sh

@@ -26,6 +26,22 @@ fi
 
 $CC --version
 
+# Workaround for https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=452758 (fixed in valgrind 3.20.0).
+case "${CC:-undefined}" in
+    clang*)
+        if [ "$CTIMETEST" = "yes" ] && [ "$WITH_VALGRIND" = "yes" ]
+        then
+            export CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:+$CFLAGS }-gdwarf-4"
+        else
+            case "$WRAPPER_CMD" in
+                valgrind*)
+                    export CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:+$CFLAGS }-gdwarf-4"
+                    ;;
+            esac
+        fi
+        ;;
+esac
+
 ./autogen.sh
 
 mkdir buildautotools

ci/linux-debian.Dockerfile

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ RUN apt-get update
 # llvm: for llvm-symbolizer, which is used by clang's UBSan for symbolized stack traces
 RUN apt-get install --no-install-recommends --no-upgrade -y \
         automake cmake default-jdk dpkg-dev libssl-dev libtool make ninja-build pkg-config python3 qemu-user valgrind \
-        gcc clang llvm libc6-dbg \
+        gcc clang llvm libclang-rt-dev libc6-dbg \
         g++ \
-        gcc-i686-linux-gnu libc6-dev-i386-cross libc6-dbg:i386 libubsan1:i386 libasan6:i386 \
+        gcc-i686-linux-gnu libc6-dev-i386-cross libc6-dbg:i386 libubsan1:i386 libasan8:i386 \
         gcc-s390x-linux-gnu libc6-dev-s390x-cross libc6-dbg:s390x