[Core] Investigate default `on_challenge` implementation in auth policies

[pvaneck]

Something to consider is adding some default on_challenge implementation to BearerTokenCredentialPolicy and AsycnBearerTokenCredentialPolicy.

Potentially, could leverage the CAE claims handling that the ARMChallengeAuthenticationPolicy uses.

[github-actions]

Hi @pvaneck, we deeply appreciate your input into this project. Regrettably, this issue has remained unresolved for over 2 years and inactive for 30 days, leading us to the decision to close it. We've implemented this policy to maintain the relevance of our issue queue and facilitate easier navigation for new contributors. If you still believe this topic requires attention, please feel free to create a new issue, referencing this one. Thank you for your understanding and ongoing support.